Give macOS one CI job and stop building pull requests twice

macOS runners are the bottleneck of Progmasoft's CI: an organization
runs at most five macOS jobs at a time, shared by every repository, and a
pull request of Catch3 asked for about twenty of them. Every workflow
also listened to both push and pull_request, so each pull request ran
everything twice, once for its branch and once for the pull request.

macOS now has one job, as in the Tala compiler: macOS 26 on Apple
Silicon, Debug, C++17, with AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer
over the most-tests preset, examples and extra tests. The C++14 and C++17,
Debug and Release matrix stays on Ubuntu and Fedora, where it already ran.
ThreadSanitizer, which ran only on macOS, moves to a new Ubuntu job.

The build systems that tested Windows and macOS (Bazel, Meson, Xmake,
Premake) test Windows and Ubuntu instead, with Clang, so their Unix side
is still covered and Linux is covered for the first time. The jobs that do
not depend on the platform leave macOS: CodeQL (build mode none), the
header and license checks, and native coverage, which now builds with
the Clang and LLVM tools of Ubuntu instead of those of Xcode.

Pushes build only devel; pull requests build their branches. The weekly
CodeQL schedule stays.

The required check "Bazel on macos-15" becomes "Bazel on ubuntu-26.04" in
the branch protection and the ruleset when this is merged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

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