* `operator[]` is constexpr
* `operator<<` and `operator+=` are hidden friends

Originally the tests were from #1912, but as it turned out, the issue
was somewhere else. Still, the inputs provided were interesting, so
they are now part of our test suite.

It did not clear out all of its internal state when switching from
one pattern to another, so when it should've escaped `,`, it took
its position from its position in the original user-provided string,
rather than its position in the current pattern.

Fixes #1905

The old code caused warnings to fire under MSVC, and Clang <3.8.
I could not find a GCC version where it worked, but I assume that it
did at some point.

This new code causes all of MSVC, GCC, Clang, in current versions,
to emit signed/unsigned comparison warning in test like this:

```cpp
TEST_CASE() {
    int32_t i = -1;
    uint32_t j = 1;
    REQUIRE(i != j);
}
```

Where previously only MSVC would emit the warning.

Fixes #1880

This is both a really big and a really small commit. It is small in
that it only contains renaming, moving and modification of include
directives caused by this.

It is really big in the obvious way of touching something like 200
files.

The new rules for naming files is simple: headers use the `.hpp`
extension. The rules for physical file layout is still kinda in
progress, but the basics are also simple:
 * Significant parts of functionality get their own subfolder
   * Benchmarking is in `catch2/benchmark`
   * Matchers are in `catch2/matchers`
   * Generators are in `catch2/generators`
   * Reporters are in `catch2/reporters`
   * Baseline testing facilities are in `catch2/`
 * Various top level folders also contain `internal` subfolder,
   with files that users probably do not want to include directly,
   at least not until they have to write something like their own
   reporter.
    * The exact files in these subfolders is likely to change later
      on

Note that while some includes were cleaned up in this commit, it
is only the low hanging fruit and further cleanup using automatic
tooling will happen later.

Also note that various include guards, copyright notices and file
headers will also be standardized later, rather than in this commit.

They were unused except for one test file anyway.

In the future we can expect many more matchers, so let's give them
a place to live.

Also moved matcher-related internal files to `internal` subfolder.
Ideally we should sort out all of our source code, but that will
have to come later.