This fixes compilation issue with C++23 mode against libstdc++.

Closes #2852

The issue was that `capture_by_value` was meant to be specialized
by plain type, e.g. `capture_by_value<std::weak_ordering>`, but
the TMP in Decomposer did not properly throw away `const` (and
`volatile`) qualifiers, before taking the value of `capture_by_value`.

Now we use intrinsics when possible, and fallback to optimized
implementation in portable C++. The difference is about 4x when
we can use intrinsics and about 2x when we cannot.

This should speed up our Lemire's algorithm implementation nicely.

The previously used `make_unsigned` approach combined with the overload
set of `extendedMult` caused compilation issues on MacOS platform. By
forcing the selection to be one of `std::uintX_t` types we don't need
to complicate the overload set further.

The Core Guidelines state "A base class destructor should be either
public and virtual, or protected and non-virtual" so, hopefully, no
static analyser will complain.

* bugprone-branch-clone
* bugprone-copy-constructor-init
* bugprone-empty-catch
* bugprone-sizeof-expression
* bugprone-switch-missing-default-case
* bugprone-unused-local-non-trivial-variable
* clang-analyzer-core.uninitialized.Assign
* clang-analyzer-cplusplus.Move
* clang-analyzer-optin.cplusplus.VirtualCall
* modernize-loop-convert
* modernize-raw-string-literal
* modernize-use-equals-default
* modernize-use-override
* modernize-use-using
* performance-avoid-endl
* performance-inefficient-string-concatenation
* performance-inefficient-vector-operation
* performance-noexcept-move-constructor
* performance-unnecessary-value-param (and improve generator example)
* readability-duplicate-include
* readability-inconsistent-declaration-parameter-name
* readability-non-const-parameter
* readability-redundant-casting
* readability-redundant-member-init
* readability-redundant-smartptr-get
* readability-static-accessed-through-instance
* unused variable in amalgamted tests