The move to C++17 left a trail of older claims. The Runner's own
.clang-format still said c++20; the result is byte for byte the same under
either value. Premake and Xmake still compiled the library as C++20 and
the main library as C++14, which meant their CI jobs were not testing the
language the project promises. Both now use C++17 for every target.

The rest is text: the Meson pkg-config description claimed C++14, comments
in the CMake and Meson files explained requirements that no longer exist,
.clang-tidy gave C++14 as the reason for two exclusions, issue templates
asked for C++20 samples, and the example headers named -std=c++14 and
catch2-with-main. The release notes and the migration guide state the
C++17 minimum. Doxygen's brief called the project "Catch2's test API",
which presents it as Catch2. Meson declared only BSL-1.0; it now names both
licenses of the tree. The amalgamated files are regenerated.

Catch2 compatibility means the API tests are written in: the macros, such
as TEST_CASE and REQUIRE, and the Catch:: namespace. It does not mean
Catch2's build names or header paths. find_package(Catch2) found Catch3,
and a project using both frameworks met two packages, two sets of targets,
two Catch.cmake modules and two catch2/ header trees with the same names.

Build names:
- CMake: project and package Catch3, targets Catch3::Catch3 and
  Catch3::Catch3WithMain, libraries Catch3 and Catch3Main, options
  CATCH3_*, lib/cmake/Catch3 with Catch3Config, and pkg-config catch3 and
  catch3-with-main. The version is Catch3's, 0.3.0, compatible within a
  minor version.
- The CMake scripts are Catch3.cmake (catch3_discover_tests),
  Catch3AddTests.cmake and Catch3ShardTests.cmake
  (catch3_add_sharded_tests); the helpers they define at ctest time have a
  catch3_ prefix. ParseAndAddCatchTests.cmake, deprecated upstream, is gone.
- Bazel //:catch3 and //:catch3_main, Meson catch3 and catch3-with-main
  (with override_dependency), Xmake catch3 and catch3_main, Premake Catch3
  and Catch3WithMain. Visual Studio projects get GUIDs of their own.
- The Progmasoft::Catch3 target and package are gone: property testing
  and snapshots are part of Catch3::Catch3. Their sources now build with
  the library's warning flags, so property failures are built field by
  field (no missing initializers) and the default property name is a
  thread-local pointer to the name its scope owns (no global destructor).

Headers: the engine moved from src/catch2 to src/Progmasoft/Catch3 with
Progmasoft names, so <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp> is
<Progmasoft/Catch3/TestMacros.hpp>, <catch2/matchers/catch_matchers_string.hpp>
is <Progmasoft/Catch3/Matchers/String.hpp>, and interface headers are named
after their interface, such as Interfaces/IConfig.hpp. Include guards
became #pragma once. The installed headers go to include/Progmasoft.
src/Progmasoft/Context.cpp is StrategyContext.cpp, so no two sources share
a file name.

tools/scripts/upstreamFiles.txt lists the files that come from Catch2.
The license check expects BSL-1.0 on them and Progmasoft's header on the
rest of src/Progmasoft; the convenience-header check, the amalgamation
script and the surrogate tests take the engine's headers from it. The
amalgamated files are regenerated. The header-guard workflow checks for
#pragma once instead of checkguard.

Documents, the README and the release notes describe the new names.

Related to #2730

Use -std=c++14 (instead of c++11). Pointers how to integrate with
pkg-config for non-CMake projects.

catch_default_main.hpp was removed in db32550898

The example 000-CatchMain.cpp is no longer compiled, but is still
present in the examples and is still references by other example
files. Remove the file and references to it, as they are confusing.

This also goes for pkg-config installed by our CMake installation.

This includes

* Updating CMake version on Travis
* Adding a `Catch2` subfolder to the `single_include/` folder to
provide this include path both _inside_ the repository, and _outside_.
* Updated examples to build with the new paths
* Other general CMake cleanup